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Buprenorphine initiation in emergency departments was found in a narrative systematic review (Kaczorowski et al., 2020) to have:
The review concluded that while EDs seems to be an appropriate setting for initiating opioid agonist treatment, in order to be sustained, it likely needs to be coupled with community-based follow-up and support to ensure longer-term retention.
Permanent supportive housing has changed the sequence of treatment and housing, and access to housing is not contingent on adherence to treatment or abstinence. Permanent housing has become a strategy that is often combined with coordinated case management. Programmes such as Housing First and Pathways to Housing are examples of permanent supportive housing interventions.
Permanent supportive housing was found in a systematic review (Aubry et al., 2020, 35 studies - 15 on housing) to be effective in:
The review found small but promising evidence suggesting that recipients of permanent supportive housing report greater improvements in their subjective quality of life than those receiving standard care. Results also showed no evidence of any major harms associated with mental health, substance use, quality of life, and other outcomes of implementing housing interventions among homeless individuals.
Future research should focus on the long-term effects of housing interventions on physical, mental health and substance use as the review could not formulate conclusive statements on the effects of the intervention on those outcomes.
School-based multicomponent positive psychology interventions aim at increasing well-being indicators of mental health (i.e., subjective and psychological well-being) and reducing the most common psychological distress indicators (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) in adolescents. Positive psychology interventions originated as scientifically-based interventions that focus on strengthening positive emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through activities that can be easily implemented in daily routines. Multicomponent positive psychology interventions are based on a variety of individual exercises targeting two or more theoretically relevant well-being components and are conducted within an integral program, decreasing the risk of relapse and increasing the probability of spill-over effects and synergy between activities, thus being more likely to provide long-term effects.
School-based multicomponent positive psychology interventions were found in a systematic review with meta-analysis (Tejada-Gallardo et al., 2020, 9 studies, N= 4 898) to be effective in improving:
Removing low-quality studies led to a slight decrease in the effect sizes for subjective well-being and a considerable increase for psychological well-being and depression symptoms.
Physical exercise for substance use disorders patients (both aereobic programs and body–mind activities such as tai chi, yoga, or qigong) was found in a systematic review with meta-analysis (Giménez-Meseguer et al., 2020, 59 studies) to be effective in:
All the studies included resulted in improvements in physical conditions expressed in terms of VO2, heart rate or performance in indirect tests that measure aerobic capacity.
When comparing the effects of aerobic-strength exercise with oriental practices, no relevant differences were found about the overall value of quality of life and mental health.
The results also showed a trend towards a positive effect on craving (SMD = 0.89 (CI: -0.05, 1.82); z = 1.85, p = 0.06) but not statistically significant.
Another systematic review with meta-analysis (Liu et al., 2020, 7 studies, N = 772) investigated specifically the effects of tai chi and Qigong exercise and found the latter (Qigong) effective in:
The effect of Tai Chi was comparable to treatment as usual (TAU) on depression (standardized mean difference (SMD) = − 0.17[− 0.52, 0.17]).
Customised Employment Supports (CES) is an employment counseling intervention tailored for clients in SUD treatment, emphasizing small caseloads, therapeutic alliance, rapid job search, vocational fieldwork and longterm support. CES is one of the interventions/programmes aimed at improving employment outcomes evaluated in a narrative review (Magura et Marshall, 2020, 14 studies).
CES is an adaptation from the Individual Placement and Support model (IPS). The main and significant differences between IPS and CES are that CES does not incorporate job development, but rather relies on available jobs in the community, and includes an emphasis on fieldwork— accompanying clients into the community for such things as looking for local job postings and making employer contacts.
The review concluded that CES had significant effect on:
The other interventions reviewed are: Individual Placement and Support (IPS), Therapeutic Workplace (TW), Drug court employement intervention, Job Seekers Workshop (JSW).
The Therapeutic Workplace (TW) is a motivational intervention that uses access to employment and wages to promote therapeutic behavioral changes. TW is one of the interventions/programmes aimed at improving employment outcomes evaluated in a narrative review (Magura et Marshall, 2020, 14 studies).
The review showed no significant effect on:
The other interventions reviewed are: Individual Placement and Support (IPS), Customized Employment Supports (CES), Drug Court employment interventions, Job Seekers Workshop (JSW).
Employer-led interventions (including employee education, drug testing (random, post-accident and reasonable suspicion), employee assistance programs (EAP), supervisor training, written workplace drug-free policy, and restructuring of employee health benefit plans) showed no significant difference in a narrative review (Akanbi et al., 2020, 27 studies) in:
